Healthy Travelling
General issues
- Have you checked the country-specific entry requirements, such as visa, mandatory insurance requirements, COVID-testing, vaccines?
- Do you have adequate travel-health insurance?
- Do you have a copy of your passport and tickets?
- Do you have medical contact details and important phone numbers, such as family, family doctor, health insurance, travel insurance, credit card company?
- Have you packed appropriate clothing for the country of destination? Have you considered cultural, religious, climatic and geographic (e.g. altitude) aspects?
- If you travel with your own car - or plan on using a rented car - make sure that you have appropriate insurance, international driver’s license and car equipment according to local regulations.
Health Prevention
- Book an appointment to see a travel doctor at least 6-8 weeks before you leave.
- Get a COVID-19 certificate if requested by any of the countries where you are travelling.
- Are you aware of frequent diseases, health problems and recommended or mandatory vaccinations in your country of destination?
- Have you thought of insect bite prevention (e.g. bed nets, repellents)?
- Do you know about common poisonous animals in the country of destination?
- Do you have an adequate sun block, sun glasses, and head cover?
- Get a medical check-up with your general practitioner if you suffer from a chronic condition.
- If you suffer from a chronic condition, obtain local contact details in case of illness (e.g. hospitals).
- Think about safe sex and carry condoms with you, as they might be difficult to obtain or of bad quality in the country of destination.
- Get a dental check if you travel for a prolonged period.
Medication and drugs
- Do you have enough of your personal medication (preferably in a waterproof container) with you?
- Do you have an emergency kit with essential drugs and first aid material?
- If necessary, get a medical certificate for drugs and needle material that you carry with you.
- Durch verantwortungsbewußtes Verhalten können Reisende die negativen ökologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen des Tourismus verringern.
- Um den mit dem Tourismus verbundenen CO2-Fußabdruck zu verringern, ist die effektivste Maßnahme, Flugreisen zu begrenzen und möglichst umweltfreundliche Transportmittel für die Fortbewegung vor Ort zu wählen.
- Die Bevorzugung von Wohnungen, Aktivitäten und Souvenirs, die die Umwelt und die lokale Bevölkerung respektieren, ist ebenfalls wichtig.
- Wer vegetarisches Essen bevorzugt, verringert nicht nur die Auswirkungen auf das Klima, sondern verschafft der lokalen Bevölkerung auch Zugang zu ausreichend landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen und damit zu Nahrungsmitteln sowie zu mehr Süßwasser.
- Um die Boden- und Wasserverschmutzung durch Plastikflaschen einzudämmen, gibt es mehrere wirksame Möglichkeiten, Wasser zu desinfizieren, darunter Abkochen, Desinfektionstabletten sowie tragbare Geräte mit UV-Licht.
- By adopting responsible behavior, travelers can reduce the negative environmental and social impacts of tourism.
- The most effective way to reduce the carbon footprint of tourism is to limit air travel and choose the most environmentally friendly means of transportation possible to get around.
- It is also important to choose accommodations, activities and souvenirs that respect the environment and local populations.
- Favoring vegetarian food not only limits the impact on the climate, but also ensures that local populations have access to enough agricultural land, and therefore food, as well as to more fresh water.
- To limit soil and water pollution linked to plastic bottles, there are several effective ways to disinfect water, including boiling, disinfecting tablets and portable UV light devices.
The tourism industry is responsible for 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Nearly 50% of these emissions are due to transportation. For some trips, such as a 2-week vacation to Mexico from Europe, transportation accounts for 88% of the total carbon footprint of the trip. On-site purchases (souvenirs), food and beverages are also responsible for nearly 25% of these emissions.
Transportation
One of the most effective ways to reduce your carbon footprint is to travel within your region to avoid having to take a plane, and instead take the train, bike or walk. For airplanes and cars, the footprint depends on the number of passengers, the size of the vehicle and the distance traveled. In general, the car is preferable to the plane for distances of less than 1000 km, as well as for longer trips if there are at least 2 passengers. If you take the plane, direct flights are to be preferred for flights longer than 6 hours. Several carbon footprint calculators for transportation exist and can help you choose the best option. If flying or driving cannot be avoided, carbon emissions can be offset by investing financially in carbon capture initiatives. Choose certified labels that guarantee quality carbon offsets.
Food and drink
Choose locally owned restaurants to eat locally produced food and contribute to the circular economy. Limit the purchase of imported products. Choose vegetarian food to limit CO2 emissions from livestock. This choice is also essential to ensure that local populations have access to enough agricultural land, and therefore food, as livestock requires more land than cereals to produce an equivalent amount of food. Livestock production also requires a lot of fresh water3.
In many countries, running water is not potable. To limit the waste produced by buying plastic bottles, you can opt for other methods of water purification:
- Boil the water for at least one minute
- Treat the water with a disinfectant (such as Micropur©). Make sure this disinfectant also kills Giardia and Cryptosporidium parasites.
- Use ultraviolet water purifiers for a few seconds/minutes depending on the model. Be careful, these devices are only reliable if the water is clear.
Filters can be a good option in case of prolonged stay. Note that they are generally not effective against viruses.
Accommodation
Avoid mass tourism, i.e. destinations with a large volume of tourists in large hotels. Choose accommodations that respect nature and local populations and that have an ecotourism or sustainable tourism label. In order to save water and electricity, limit the change of towels and sheets to what is strictly necessary and limit the use of air conditioning (e.g. by turning it off every time you leave the room). You can also favor locally owned accommodations to contribute to the regional economy.
Souvenir shopping and activities
When purchasing souvenirs, favor locally made products. Be careful not to buy products made from endangered plants or animals. In water-stressed areas, avoid activities involving swimming pools or golf courses. To protect the seabed, use mineral sunscreens and be careful not to damage coral with your fins when diving or snorkeling. When walking or hiking, follow the marked trails and do not feed wild animals.
- 1 https://sustainabletravel.org/ et Lenzen M, Sun YY, Faturay F, et al. The Carbon Footprint of Global Tourism. Nat Clim Chang 2018;8:522-8
- 2 European Environment Agency: https://www.eea.europa.eu/media/infographics/co2-emissions-from-passenger-transport/image/image_view_fullscreen
- 3 Marlow HJ, Hayes WK, Soret S, Carter RL, Schwab ER, Sabaté J. Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1699S-1703S
- Tan R, et al. Voyager écolo : quelles recommandations ? [Eco-tourism: what recommendations?]. Rev Med Suisse. 2022 May 4;18(780):886-889. French.
- Carbon footprint calculator for transportation: https://co2.myclimate.org/
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment and Sanitation for Backcountry and Travel Use: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/backcountry_water_treatment.html
Vaccinations ensure that you are well protected against many infectious diseases. You can be vaccinated by your family doctor, a tropical doctor or at a vaccination center. Only the yellow fever vaccination is only carried out in vaccination centers and by certain vaccinators.
The indications for vaccinations when travelling abroad depend on:
- The entry regulations (e.g. COVID-19, yellow fever, polio and meningococcal meningitis vaccination)
- Travel and environment-specific aspects: Destination, the epidemiological situation at the destinations, length of stay, travel style (trekking, overnight stays with locals or five-star hotel), city or country stay and the time available until departure (planned or last-minute trip).
- Personal criteria: Vaccination history (intolerances, etc.), age, pregnancy, allergies, state of health, chronic illnesses, current medication, immunodeficiency, etc.
Vaccinate up to time
Certain vaccinations require several doses to provide sufficient protection. It is best to schedule them 6 to 8 weeks before departure.
But even if you decide to travel at the last minute, you should consult a doctor beforehand. A booster vaccination provides sufficient protection very quickly and there are accelerated vaccination schedules. You can have several vaccinations at the same time.
In addition to your vaccination card, you should also bring a list of the medication you regularly take.
Inform your doctor if you have the following problems:
- Allergies
- Severe reaction to a vaccination
- Pregnancy
- Chronic illnesses, cancer
- Long-term treatment with blood thinners§ Treatments that have an effect on the immune system, Cortisone, chemotherapy, etc.
- HIV infection
If you have any of the above problems, certain vaccinations may be contraindicated or used with caution.
Vaccinations should be postponed if you have a fever.
For further information:
- The Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH): Information on vaccination
- Infovac: www.infovac.ch
Questions / Answers
- Is it possible to have several vaccinations at the same time?
Yes, you can have several vaccinations at the same time at different injection sites on the arm(s).
- Can all vaccinations be mixed in the same syringe and then injected?
No, each vaccination must be given separately; however, there are individual vaccinations that have already been combined by the manufacturer, such as diphtheria/tetanus or hepatitis A + B.
- I have a cold / cough / flu, can I still be vaccinated?
Yes, you can be vaccinated despite having a cold, cough or flu; however, if you have a fever of 38° or more, it is better to postpone the vaccination.
- Know the mosquitoes and other arthropods of interest at the destination and when they bite.
- Use repellents on exposed skin according to product guidelines.
- Reapply as directed to ensure protection.
- Wear long clothing, socks and shoes.
- Spray or impregnate textiles with insecticides.
- Sleep under an impregnated bed net or in air-conditioned rooms.
- The following approaches do NOT work: eating garlic, wearing perfume, thiamine (Vitamin B1), ultrasound devices, electronic buzzers (power cuts!), mobile phone apps, alcohol, yeast extract.
Insect_and_Tick_Bite_Protection_Factsheet_Public_ECTM_EN.pdf
- This fact sheet contains important information on various insect bite protection measures.
- For optimal travel preparation, we recommend that you read this information carefully and take the fact sheet with you on your trip.
- Know the mosquitoes and other arthropods of interest at the destination and when they bite
- Use repellents on exposed skin according to product guidelines
- Reapply as directed to ensure protection
- Wear long clothing, socks and shoes
- Spray or impregnate textiles with insecticides
- Sleep under an impregnated bed net or in air-conditioned rooms
- The following approaches do NOT work: eating garlic, wearing perfume, thiamine (Vitamin B1), ultrasound devices, electronic buzzers (power cuts!), mobile phone apps, alcohol, yeast extract
An important part of healthy travel is protection against biting insects and ticks. Mosquitoes, in particular, often transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and Zika, ticks can transmit borreliosis (Lyme disease), tick-borne encephalitis or tick-bite fevers. Sandflies transmit leishmaniasis and tsetse flies can transmit African sleeping sickness. For some of these diseases, a vaccine or chemoprophylaxis is available but for many diseases, the only protection available is bite avoidance. In many tropical areas, mosquito-borne diseases are often widespread and because different types of mosquitoes are active at different times of the day (Aedes/Stegomyia) and/or night (Anopheles), travellers are recommended to use 24/7 mosquito bite prevention. The key areas of bite prevention are:
- Use of repellents: These are substances that are applied to the skin to keep away or “repel” mosquitoes and other insects. Their purpose is to reduce the attractiveness of the traveller by interfering chemically with skin stimulants that attract insects to human skin. The most widely used repellent, to date, contains DEET (minimal. 20-30%, max 50%) and studies have shown that DEET is well tolerated for all groups including infants> 2months, children and pregnant women when used in accordance with the product instructions. Other recommended repellents include Icaridin, Eucalyptus citriodora oil and IR3535. Repellents vary in their efficacy and duration of protection. Some products contain a combination of repellents.
- Clothes: wear long sleeves, shoes and socks.
- Impregnation of textiles (clothing, bed nets) with insecticides: Insecticides (such as permethrin) are substances that kill or “knock down” insects.
Using repellents on the skin and impregnating/spraying textiles is a recommended combined strategy. - Insecticides can also be dispersed in rooms using sprays or devices that release insecticide. Burning mosquito coils should only be used outdoors.
- Staying in screened and/or air-conditioned rooms with windows closed.
- Sleeping or resting under impregnated bed nets.
The majority of travellers do apply far less than the recommended protective dose of repellent, which will decrease the effectiveness. Repellents need to be applied regularly especially after swimming or in hot, humid conditions conducive to sweating. When using repellents during the day, the sunscreen should be applied 15 minutes prior to the repellent. It is recommended to use 30-50 SPF sun screen to compensate for the reduction in sun protection factor (SPF) caused by DEET.
Repellents (DEET, Icaridin, some essential oil such as citriodora) vary in their effectiveness against different vectors and tend to be slightly less effective against ticks where protection can be substantially increased by impregnating clothing and having socks above trousers to prevent ticks from getting access to bare skin.
The value of repellents in protecting from tsetse flies and sandflies is less well documented, but the combination of repellents and insecticide treated clothing is still highly recommended.
- Hasler T, Fehr J, Held U, Schlagenhauf P. Use of repellents by travellers: a randomized, quantitative analysis of applied dosage and an evaluation of Knowledge Attitudes and Practices. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019: 27-33. Free access at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893918303028?via%3Dihub.
- Mosquito repellents bearing this mark have been subjected to an extended test at the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Basel) and have fulfilled specified requirements. In addition, they are re-tested annually. Irrespective of possible additional information in the packaging text, a product with this quality seal has shown a very good protective effect against mosquitoes for at least four hours in the laboratory test. In Switzerland, the following products are available with this guarantee mark:
| Anti Brumm Classic (20% Icaridin) | Anti Brumm Night (20% Icaridin) |
| Anti Brumm Forte (28% DEET) | Anti-Brumm Ultra Tropical (50% DEET) |
| Anti Brumm Kids (20% Icaridin) | Nobite Extreme (30% DEET & 20% Icaridin) |
| Anti Brumm Naturel (31% Citriodiol) | KIK Activ (20% DEET) |
| SENSOLAR ZeroBite (20% Icaridin) |
Before travelling, be sure to check with your health insurance company under what conditions your health insurance will cover possible treatment and rescue costs in your destination country and whether you may need to take out supplementary insurance.
Hospitalization, rescue and transport costs abroad are often so high that the basic benefits are not sufficient. With holiday and travel insurance, you can avoid unpleasant financial consequences. Certain credit cards and the Touring Club Suisse offer similar benefits.
Longer stays and studying abroad: Find out from your health insurance company how you are insured if you want to live, study or work abroad and whether you need to take out supplementary insurance.
Note in the event of illness:
Contact your health insurance company abroad as soon as possible to inform them that you require emergency treatment, especially in the event of serious illness, accident or hospitalization. Keep all invoices and payment receipts so that you can apply for reimbursement on your return.
The size and composition of your first-aid kit depends on a number of factors: destination, duration of the trip, travelling style and the size of your travel group. Once you have packed your first-aid kit correctly, it is important to store it properly: childproof, protected from breakage and in a cool place. Before using any medication, please read the package leaflet carefully to rule out possible intolerances or contraindications. Observe the expiry dates stated on the medication packs. Special care should be taken when taking medication during pregnancy. Your doctor will recommend and prescribe the medication that is most suitable for you. Please note: certain medications (painkillers, codeine and morphine derivatives, narcotics, sleeping pills, steroids, etc.) may be banned in certain countries or require a medical certificate.
Existing illnesses: take a sufficient supply of medication required regularly or occasionally at home in separate luggage (hand luggage).
Malaria prophylaxis
- Medicationen when travelling to a malaria area
- Repellents for the skin (e.g. Exopic®, Anti-Brumm®, Nobite®; children: Anti-Brumm sensitive®, Nobite Haut- Sensitive® from 2 years)
- Insecticide for textiles (Nobite cloths®)
Allergic reactions (e.g. insect bites): Always carry the emergency medication prescribed by your doctor!
Disinfect hands: hydro alcoholic solution (at least 70% ethanol)
Injury
- Disinfectant (e.g. ethanol 75%, Merfen®, Betadine®)
- Dressing material: quick bandage, adhesive plasters, elastic bandage, sterile gauze,
- bandage clips, safety pins
Instruments
- Clinical thermometer in unbreakable case
- Small scissors
- Foreign body tweezers
Fever, cold, pain: paracetamol (Dafalgan®, Panadol®)
Stomach and intestines
- Anti-diarrheal medication for watery diarrhea without fever (e.g. Imodium®)
- In case of diarrhea with high fever and bloody stools: see a doctor!
- In small children and the elderly, prepare a fluid substitute (e.g. Oralpädon®, ELOTRANS®); in adults, increased fluid and salt intake is sufficient.
Nausea, vomiting, travel sickness: e.g.Motilium®, Trawell®
Skin protection
- Sun cream (recommendation: protection factor > 30, the choice depends on your skin type, the intensity of the sun's rays and your activities).
- Insect bite reactions: (Fenistil®, Tavegyl Gel®)
Eye protection
- Sunglasses, lens cleaner
- Conjunctivitis: non-purulent: eye drops (e.g. Oculosan®); purulent: (e.g. Ciloxan®)
Cold: nasal drops, spray before the flight (Nasivine ®, Triofan ®)
Allergies: personal medication (antihistamines, asthma medication, etc.)
AIDS/sexually transmitted diseases: Condoms or Femidom®
Water disinfection: sterilization tablets (e.g. Aquatabs®, Micropur forte®)
Insect_and_Tick_Bite_Protection_Factsheet_Public_ECTM_EN.pdf
Sauerstoffmangel im Flugzeug ist heutzutage kein Thema mehr. Auch auf 12 000 m ü.M. entspricht das Sauerstoffangebot im Flugzeug etwa der Höhe von 2000 m ü.M. Die Luftdruckveränderung im Flugzeug ist kaum wahrzunehmen. Es sei denn, Sie sind erkältet, dann kann sich durch das Anschwellen der Schleimhäute die Verbindung von Rachen und Mittelohr verschliessen.
Der zunehmende Aussendruck beim Landen würde Sie dann im Ohr schmerzen. Am besten Sie sorgen vor: mit Nasentropfen, -sprays oder -salben; auch Kauen und Gähnen hilft, den Druck zu lindern. Die trockene Kabinenluft bewirkt zudem ein Austrocknen der Nasenschleimhäute, dagegen hilft eine Nasensalbe.
Thrombosen: Mit ein paar einfachen Vorkehrungen verhindern Sie Durchblutungsstörungen Ihrer Beine durch das lange Sitzen. Schränken Sie Ihre Beinfreiheit nicht durch Gepäckstücke ein, lockern Sie Ihre Muskeln durch ein paar Übungen im Sitzen oder stehen Sie auf und gehen ein paar Schritte. Trinken Sie reichlich (alkoholische Getränke mit Mass!) und Sie werden vor allem lange Interkontinentalflüge besser überstehen. Gut angepasste Kompressionsstrümpfe helfen Ihnen bei Venenleiden.
Der «Jet lag» trifft Sie nach dem Überfliegen mehrerer Zeitzonen mit Erschöpfung und Schlaflosigkeit, denn Ihre innere Uhr stimmt nicht mehr mit der Ortszeit überein. Kleine Nickerchen im Flugzeug, nach der Ankunft, so schnell wie möglich den neuen Lebensrhythmus übernehmen (inkl. Licht- und Sonnenexposition tagsüber) und Sie haben das Übel am schnellsten überwunden. Medikamente können Ihnen dabei helfen, erkundigen Sie sich bei Ihrem Arzt.
Alle Medikamente für die Reise führen Sie am besten im Handgepäck mit. Ist deren Einnahme zeitlich streng vorgeschrieben (z.B.Insulin, Antibabypillen), besprechen Sie vor Ihrer Abreise mit dem Arzt, wie die Anwendung bei grossen zeitlichen Verschiebungen erfolgen soll.
Sind Sie krank oder behindert, ist das Flugzeug Ihr Transportmittel: Sie erhalten Unterstützung, einen Rollstuhl oder die Möglichkeit zu liegen, wenn Sie die Fluglinie rechtzeitig informieren. Liegendtransporte werden stets begleitet. In Notfällen ist mit dem Flugzeug meistens eine rasche Rückkehr nach Hause möglich (s.u." Vorbereitungen und Versicherungen: Medizinische Notfälle im Ausland" ).
General Safety
DOs
- Be aware of traffic accidents and wear a seatbelt and a helmet.
- Inform your family and friends if you travel to an isolated or risky area.
- Carry emergency numbers with you.
DONT's
- Do not accept money changing in the street; go to a bank or an official money changer.
- Do not consider that anyone, including yourself, is at zero risk of carrying one or more sexually transmitted infection(s).
- Do not stop your regular medication, or your malaria prophylaxis if you are in a high malaria risk area.
Food and water safety
DOs
- Remember food and water safety measures.
- Practice regular hand hygiene.
- Eat what you can peel, boil or cook.
- Drink bottled, sealed or disinfected water.
DONT's
- Do not eat undercooked or raw food.
- Do not drink water from the tap.
- Do not drink beverages with locally made ice-cubes.
- Do not eat non-commercial ice creams, especially from street vendors.
Safety with animals
DOs
- Seek medical help after bite of poisonous animals (including scorpion, snakes, stingray, jellyfish).
- Seek medical help immediately after any animal bite or scratch wound (CAVE rabies risk!), after proper washing and disinfection of the wound.
- Get immunized immediately against rabies if bitten or scratched by any mammal in a rabies-endemic country.
DONT's
- Do not cut open wounds after bites of poisonous animals or apply a tourniquet.
- Do not let children play with animals or pet them.
- Do not touch animals, including pets that may not be vaccinated against rabies.
Environmental safety
DOs
- Keep yourself cool and protected in the sun.
- Practice insect bite prevention during day and night, also in the cities.
DONT's
- Do not bathe or swim in ponds, lakes or rivers in schistosomiasis endemic countries.
- Do not perform intense physical exercise outside if there is high air pollution or extreme heat.
If you are ill
DOs
- Get tested immediately for malaria if you have a fever >37,5° C while - or after - being in a malaria endemic region.
- Seek medical help if you have severe (e.g. bloody) diarrhea.
DONT's
- Do not wait days until consulting a doctor in case of fever during or after a stay in the tropics.
- Know the mosquitoes and other arthropods of interest at the destination and when they bite
- Use repellents on exposed skin according to product guidelines
- Reapply as directed to ensure protection
- Wear long clothing, socks and shoes
- Spray or impregnate textiles with insecticides
- Sleep under an impregnated bed net or in air-conditioned rooms
- The following approaches do NOT work: eating garlic, wearing perfume, thiamine (Vitamin B1), ultrasound devices, electronic buzzers (power cuts!), mobile phone apps, alcohol, yeast extract
Insect_and_Tick_Bite_Protection_Factsheet_Public_ECTM_EN.pdf
- This fact sheet contains important information on various insect bite protection measures.
- For optimal travel preparation, we recommend that you read this information carefully and take the fact sheet with you on your trip.
- Know the mosquitoes and other arthropods of interest at the destination and when they bite
- Use repellents on exposed skin according to product guidelines
- Reapply as directed to ensure protection
- Wear long clothing, socks and shoes
- Spray or impregnate textiles with insecticides
- Sleep under an impregnated bed net or in air-conditioned rooms
- The following approaches do NOT work: eating garlic, wearing perfume, thiamine (Vitamin B1), ultrasound devices, electronic buzzers (power cuts!), mobile phone apps, alcohol, yeast extract
An important part of healthy travel is protection against biting insects and ticks. Mosquitoes, in particular, often transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and Zika, ticks can transmit borreliosis (Lyme disease), tick-borne encephalitis or tick-bite fevers. Sandflies transmit leishmaniasis and tsetse flies can transmit African sleeping sickness. For some of these diseases, a vaccine or chemoprophylaxis is available but for many diseases, the only protection available is bite avoidance. In many tropical areas, mosquito-borne diseases are often widespread and because different types of mosquitoes are active at different times of the day (Aedes/Stegomyia) and/or night (Anopheles), travellers are recommended to use 24/7 mosquito bite prevention. The key areas of bite prevention are:
- Use of repellents: These are substances that are applied to the skin to keep away or “repel” mosquitoes and other insects. Their purpose is to reduce the attractiveness of the traveller by interfering chemically with skin stimulants that attract insects to human skin. The most widely used repellent, to date, contains DEET (minimal. 20-30%, max 50%) and studies have shown that DEET is well tolerated for all groups including infants> 2months, children and pregnant women when used in accordance with the product instructions. Other recommended repellents include Icaridin, Eucalyptus citriodora oil and IR3535. Repellents vary in their efficacy and duration of protection. Some products contain a combination of repellents.
- Clothes: wear long sleeves, shoes and socks.
- Impregnation of textiles (clothing, bed nets) with insecticides: Insecticides (such as permethrin) are substances that kill or “knock down” insects.
- Using repellents on the skin and impregnating/spraying textiles is a recommended combined strategy.
- Insecticides can also be dispersed in rooms using sprays or devices that release insecticide. Burning mosquito coils should only be used outdoors.
- Staying in screened and/or air-conditioned rooms with windows closed.
- Sleeping or resting under impregnated bed nets.
The majority of travellers do apply far less than the recommended protective dose of repellent, which will decrease the effectiveness. Repellents need to be applied regularly especially after swimming or in hot, humid conditions conducive to sweating. When using repellents during the day, the sunscreen should be applied 15 minutes prior to the repellent. It is recommended to use 30-50 SPF sun screen to compensate for the reduction in sun protection factor (SPF) caused by DEET.
Repellents (DEET, Icaridin, some essential oil such as citriodora) vary in their effectiveness against different vectors and tend to be slightly less effective against ticks where protection can be substantially increased by impregnating clothing and having socks above trousers to prevent ticks from getting access to bare skin.
The value of repellents in protecting from tsetse flies and sandflies is less well documented, but the combination of repellents and insecticide treated clothing is still highly recommended.
- Hasler T, Fehr J, Held U, Schlagenhauf P. Use of repellents by travellers: a randomized, quantitative analysis of applied dosage and an evaluation of Knowledge Attitudes and Practices. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019: 27-33. Free access at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893918303028?via%3Dihub
- A-Z of some important arthropod-borne infections for travellers (see image below)
- Mosquito repellents bearing this mark have been subjected to an extended test at the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Basel) and have fulfilled specified requirements. In addition, they are re-tested annually. Irrespective of possible additional information in the packaging text, a product with this quality seal has shown a very good protective effect against mosquitoes for at least four hours in the laboratory test. In Switzerland, the following products are available with this guarantee mark:
| Anti Brumm Classic (20% Icaridin) | Anti Brumm Night (20% Icaridin) |
| Anti Brumm Forte (28% DEET) | Nobite Extreme (30% DEET und 20% Icaridin) |
| Anti Brumm Kids (20% Icaridin) | KIK Activ (20% DEET) |
| Anti Brumm Naturel (31% Citriodiol) | SENSOLAR ZeroBite (20% Icaridin) |
Find out about the political, economic and cultural situation before you travel: consulate in the country you are travelling to, internet sites with travel recommendations, e.g. from the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs: www.eda.admin.ch.
Avoid travelling to areas that are advised against.
Look up certain addresses before you leave: Place to stay after your arrival, addresses of contact persons or a local representative of your travel agency, good clinics and hospitals.
Inform your relatives about your itinerary, including telephone numbers where you can be contacted. In the case of longer journeys, it is recommended that you stay in contact with your relatives and keep them regularly informed about the progress of your trip and any changes with pre-arranged telephone calls.
Mobile phone: Enquire about the possibility of renting or using your mobile phone locally (helpful in emergencies).
Carry a photocopy of your flight ticket and passport: extremely useful in case the original is lost.
Carry a copy of the addresses of your relatives: (telephone numbers, addresses, email, fax, etc.), as well as a copy of your health insurance, travel/repatriation insurance, bank, credit card centre, etc.
Money: Never carry a lot of cash and do not use "big notes". Always carry some money in the currency of the country you are travelling to so that you do not have to look for a bureau de change that may be closed. After your arrival, change your money either at the airport or in official bureaux de change, never with private individuals.
Transport: Use public transport (bus, official taxis) or ask acquaintances (family, friends) to drive you around. Enquire about official taxis at the hotel. Lock the doors in the car (especially important at red lights or when stopping). Never travel at night (reduced road safety) or in dangerous areas.
Do not travel alone: If you have to travel alone, avoid dangerous areas (slums, harbors, red districts). Never go out alone at night. Particular care should be taken with women, elderly people and disabled travelers. Take the necessary precautions to avoid falling victim to theft and attacks.
Special care is recommended in airports and all crowds (railway stations, discos, religious sites, etc.) where you as a foreigner could become a target.
Behave discreetly and respect local customs: there are considerable cultural and religious differences between the West and countries in Asia, the Middle East or Africa. Behavior that is considered acceptable at home may be considered shocking or even punishable by law in another country.
Find out about local customs so that your trip goes as smoothly as possible without offending the locals or incurring their wrath. It is particularly important to find out about religious holidays (Ramadan, Jewish celebrations, Lent, etc.) that require certain rules of behavior that you may unknowingly violate. Discreet behavior can avoid many a problem.
Alcohol and tobacco: Do not carry alcohol, tobacco or drugs with you and do not consume them in countries where this is prohibited. Do not smoke or drink in public in Islamic countries during Ramadan (also avoid eating in public during the day during the same period).
Extramarital relationships: Extramarital relationships and same-sex acts are prohibited in many countries.
Corruption: Corruption is widespread among civil servants in various countries. There are no generally applicable rules of behavior. Try to protect your interests in a considered and polite manner. Bribery of foreign authorities is also a criminal offence in Switzerland.
Dress: Follow local rules and customs. Avoid provocative clothing and challenging behavior. If you follow the "like a chameleon" principle when travelling, you will be less conspicuous as a tourist and attract less attention (and problems). Avoid any outward signs of wealth (valuable jewelry, branded clothing and bags, cameras and video cameras slung over your shoulder).
Handbag: Carry little of value but always carry some money or a credit card in a bag strap or in a bag close to your body. Never take your flight ticket or passport with you when sightseeing, only a photocopy. Never leave your valuables in your room, but in a hotel safe.
Photos: Ask permission before taking a photo of a person. In certain countries, it is forbidden to photograph representatives of the national authorities (police, army, guards, militia), as well as official buildings or facilities to which strategic importance can be attached (bridges, railway stations, banks, etc.).
Keep yourself informed throughout your trip: The development of political, economic and religious tensions can quickly influence risks in a country. Find out about events in the media before and during your trip.
Accommodation: Take precautions to avoid break-ins. Lock all doors and windows if possible.
Robberies: If money is demanded from you, hand it over without resistance. Material damage is preferable to physical injury.
Other risks: Don't ignore risks associated with road traffic (see travelling by car), natural disasters and local crime.
Pay attention to personal hygiene and be cautious when eating and drinking, especially in unfamiliar surroundings. Watch out for poor hygiene conditions. Diseases are transmitted through dirty hands, drinks or food.
- Before eating: Don't forget to wash your hands!
- Play by the classic rule "boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it" (boil, cook, peel or forget it). Food or drink contaminated with fecal residue is the main cause of diarrhea, the most common health problem among travelers abroad; 10 to 40% contract it in developing countries.
- The following also applies: well cooked, served at a temperature of 60° and eaten quickly! If food stands around for a long time, flies, for example, can quickly reintroduce pathogens. If you have been the victim of diarrhea yourself, do not prepare any food or drink for other people during this time!
- Clean water can be obtained quickly and easily using certain water sterilization products, special ceramic water filters or simply boiling water for 5 minutes.
It is best to avoid them:
- Uncooked or undercooked foods, such as seafood (especially oysters), fish and meat (beefsteak tartare)
- Salads and raw vegetables
- Fruit that you have not peeled yourself
- Milk and dairy products
- Ice cream and puddings
- Cold buffets
- Tap water for drinking, ice cubes or brushing your teeth (generally safe are water or soft drinks from sealed bottles, freshly made tea or coffee, filtered and boiled water, beer and wine)
- Communal towels (but still wash your hands before every meal)
The amount of the sun's UV radiation that reaches us is dependent on time of day, season, latitude, and altitude. It increases with reflection (water surface, sand, and snow/ice) and can even be relevant under cloudy conditions. UV exposure in the tropics is generally higher due to latitude.
Sunburn is especially harmful to children and people with sensitive skin. In general, everyone is affected, even dark-skinned people (e.g. sun-induced eye damage!).
Repetitive UVB / UVA exposure damages skin, eyes, and the immune system (e.g., recurrent Herpes simplex triggered by UV-light) and in the long-term it can lead to premature skin aging, skin cancer and cataract.
Well-known short-term effects are sunburn, sunstroke and sun allergy:
- Sunburn: redness, swelling, pain and blistering of skin
- Sunstroke: headache, nausea, dehydration (sunstroke affects your body’s ability to cool down to normal temperature). See also the factsheet “heat associated conditions”
- Sun allergy: itchy pimples 24 to 48 hours after exposure
Sun-induced skin lesions can be enhanced or triggered by the application of - or contact with - natural or chemical substances on the skin (e.g., lemon oil, certain plants) or medications, including antibiotics (e.g. doxycycline).
Prevention
- Avoid the sun especially during 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., look out for shade!
- Clothing: long-sleeved shirts and pants, UV protection clothing (e.g., swimsuits), brimmed hats (to include neck, nose, and ears)
- Wear sunglasses with UV-protectant lenses
- Wear sunscreen labelled “broad - spectrum”, “sun blocks” or “UVA/UVB with sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher”. Apply sunscreen before exposure and repeat regularly during the day to maintain protection, particularly if sweating or after swimming.
- Self-tanning products and pre-travel tanning are not recommended. They provide no or minimal sun protection and can even do harm.
Treatment
- Sunburn treatment: symptom control, priority towards limiting further exposure!
- Mild sunburn: cool compresses, topical aloe-based gels, and topical calamine.
- Severe sunburn and heat related symptoms: rehydration + see Factsheet “Heat associated conditions”.
Under hot conditions your body must be able to keep its temperature within the normal range by cooling. One of these cooling mechanisms is sweating.
Factors that lower the capacity of cooling are
- inadequate exposure to high temperatures over time
- increased humidity (ability to cool through sweating is reduced!)
- excessive loss of fluid through sweating, febrile diseases or diarrhea
- drug and alcohol intake (direct effect of the drug, loss of fluid, level of alertness)
- increased physical activity (increase in body temperature!)
All these factors facilitate a decompensation with a rise in body temperature and risk of damage to vital organs including the brain. We call the resulting condition heat exhaustion, respectively heat stroke. This health condition can also appear gradually. It is a medical emergency and can lead to shock and death, if left untreated.
Who is at risk
Basically everyone, even the young and healthy!
- especially children and the older population
- especially people with chronic or acute diseases, on various medication
Typical signs
Thirst, dry mouth, darkened urine, muscle cramps, headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, faint, confusion, body temperature >40°C.
Prevention: Cooling and Rehydration
- Acclimatisation: consider extra time to get used to heat with enough rest.
- Plan outdoor activities early in the morning or in the late afternoon.
- Try to stay in cool indoor spaces (e.g., shopping malls or other public air-conditioned localities), take a cold shower, avoid direct sun exposure, and look out for shade and ventilation (e.g. fan).
- Appropriate clothing: wear loose fitting, light-weight, light-colored, and absorbing material (e.g. cotton), wear a brimmed hat, do not forget sunscreen.
- Physical activity: If you are not used to exercise in hot environment, start slowly and pick up the pace gradually.
- Regardless of how thirsty or active you are, drink plenty of fluids and avoid hot and heavy meals. Heavy sweating deprives the body of salt and minerals. For replacement, electrolyte containing sport drinks can be used.
- Avoid drinking alcohol.
- If you have fever, diarrhea or vomiting, correction of fluid and minerals is additionally advisable.
- If you are on a low-salt diet, have diabetes, high blood pressure, or other chronic conditions, do not forget to take pre – travel advice from your doctor regarding fluid management and adaption of medication.
- Never leave children or pets in a parked car, even if the windows are partly open!
Walking barefoot harbours the risk of injury and infection. With closed shoes and sandals for the beach, you don't give animals, broken glass and nails a chance.
Parasites (such as sand fleas or worm larvae) can enter the body through intact skin.
Poisonous animals can cause painful and dangerous injuries.
Taking a sunbath, lie down on a deckchair, a raffia mat or a bath towel, but preferably not on the bare ground.
To minimize the risk of sexual transmitted disease including HIV infection, follow the following rules:
With a new sexual partner:
- ALWAYS use a condom or femidom during sexual intercourse
- Do not put semen in your mouth, do not swallow semen
- Do not practice oral sex during your period (avoid menstrual blood in your mouth)
Carry condoms in your luggage (they are not always readily available locally and their quality is sometimes dubious). Avoid sex without this protection when under the influence of alcohol, out of shyness or because you do not have it with you!
Other sexually transmitted infections
There are sexually transmitted infections that can be spread during oral sex or by sharing sex toys. If symptoms occur (discharge, burning during urination, localized pimples/ulcers, pain during sexual intercourse), you must consult a doctor immediately. Detailed information on sexually transmitted diseases can be found at LINK.
Further precautions:
Injectable medication: only use sterile disposable syringes and needles
Always ask for unused disposable material for medical or naturopathic (acupuncture) treatments, tattoos or piercings.
Do not use other people's razors or toothbrushes.
For further information
Es ist wichtig, auf Reisen über den Grad der Luftverschmutzung informiert zu sein, insbesondere, wenn Sie an chronischen Herz- oder Lungenkrankheiten (Asthma, Emphysem, obstruktive Krankheit) leiden oder mit Kindern reisen. Unter sehr starker Luftverschmutzung können selbst gesunde Erwachsene leiden. Die Größe der Städte, das Klima, die Jahreszeit, die Winde sowie die Tageszeit können eine Rolle spielen. An Tagen mit sehr hoher Luftverschmutzung bleiben Sie am besten so viel wie möglich in geschlossenen Räumen und reduzieren Ihre körperliche Tätigkeit. Vergessen Sie nicht, Ihre üblichen Arzneimittel zu nehmen (Asthmatiker: tragen Sie Ihren Bronchodilatator immer bei sich!). Wenn sich Ihr Gesundheitszustand verschlechtert oder neue Symptome auftreten, sollten Sie einen Arzt zu Rate ziehen. Vermeiden Sie eventuell manche Reiseziele während der kritischen Jahreszeiten.
Wichtigste Gründe der Luftverschmutzung
Von der Luftverschmutzung sind alle Länder betroffen, sowohl Industrieländer als auch Entwicklungsländer. Eine Vielzahl von Molekülen, die vom Straßenverkehr, von Verbrennungsvorgängen (Brennholz, Steinkohle), von der Industrie und der Landwirtschaft erzeugt werden, sind in der Luft vorhanden und können gesundheitsschädigend sein: Feinstäube, Kohlenmonoxid, Ozon, Stickstoffdioxid, Schwefeldioxid, Chemikalien, radioaktive Partikel, flüchtige organische Verbindungen (Benzol, Halogene) und Schwermetalle.
Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit
Nach Schätzungen der WHO ist die Luftverschmutzung in städtischer Umgebung jährlich weltweit für 2 Millionen Todesfälle verantwortlich. Das größte Risiko geht von Feinstäuben und Ozon aus. Die Luftverschmutzung kann Herzkreislaufkrankheiten oder Erkrankungen der Atemwege (Asthma, akute oder chronische Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis usw.) verursachen oder verschlimmern und zu Krebs führen (chronische Exposition). Kinder sind besonders empfindlich. Außer den Lungen und dem Herzen können die verschiedenen Schadstoffe auch das Blut, das Nervensystem und die Nieren angreifen.
Klinik
Die Menschen reagieren unterschiedlich auf die Luftverschmutzung. Häufig wird über Brennen in den Augen oder im Hals sowie über Husten, Engegefühl in der Brust, Atemnot, pfeifendes Atmen (Asthma), Auswurf und Müdigkeit geklagt.
Einfluss von Wetter und Tageszeit
Es lassen sich stark fluktuierende Schadstoffkonzentrationen in der Luft in Abhängigkeit von den meteorologischen Bedingungen (der Wind verteilt sie und verringert ihre Konzentration) und von der Tageszeit (Stoßzeiten) beobachten. Die Ozonbildung nimmt in sehr heißen Sommern ohne Wind mit der Sonnenstrahlung zu (Smog) und im Winter bei Nebel, der die Luft zum Stehen bringt (die Luftverschmutzung sammelt sich unter den Wolken mit dem Phänomen der Temperaturinversion).
Vorbeugung: Verringerung der Exposition
- Herzkrankheiten, Erkrankungen der Atemwege, Kinder: schränken Sie Ihre Tätigkeiten im Freien bei mittleren bis hohen täglichen Konzentrationen ein
- Sehr hohe Konzentration: auch gesundere Erwachsene sollten in geschlossenen Räumen bleiben
- Vermeiden Sie es, zu Zeiten der höchsten Umweltverschmutzung nach draußen zu gehen und schränken Sie Ihre körperlichen Anstrengungen ein
- Nehmen Sie ein Taxi; schließen Sie im Auto die Fensterscheiben und schalten Sie die Funktion "Umluft" (Klimaanlage) ein
- Sommersmog: schränken Sie Ihre körperlichen Tätigkeiten im Freien am Nachmittag ein (versuchen Sie diese auf den frühen Morgen oder nach dem Sonnenuntergang zu verlegen), während im Winter, solange keine Temperaturumkehr stattfindet, der Ozonwert auch bereits am Morgen hoch ist
- Vermeiden Sie Spaziergänge / Radfahren an Straßen mit dichtem Verkehr, ziehen Sie Grünanlagen und Fußgängerzonen vor
- Chronische Krankheiten: nehmen Sie Ihre üblichen Arzneimittel ein (vergessen Sie nicht, sie auf die Reise mitzunehmen);
- Asthmatiker: tragen Sie Ihren Bronchodilatator immer bei sich!
- Das Tragen einer Maske ist wenig wirksam und bei Wärme schlecht verträglich
Schadstoffmessungen und Grenzwerte
Die einzelnen Länder messen unterschiedliche Schadstoffe und verwenden nicht die gleichen Indizes. Die Konzentration sehr schädlicher Schwebeteilchen vom Typ PM 10 (weniger als 10 µm Durchmesser) und PM 2,5 (weniger als 2,5 µm Durchmesser) ist, was die Gesundheit anbelangt, ein wichtiger Indikator der Luftverschmutzung in städtischer Umgebung.
Folgende Werte dürfen nicht überschritten werden (Richtlinien der WHO 2005):
Schwebeteilchen PM 2,5: 25 µg/m3 über 24 Stunden gemittelt (und 10 µg/m3 im Jahresmittel)
PM 10: 50 µg/m3 über 24 Stunden gemittelt (und 20 µg/m3 im Jahresmittel)
Ozon (O3): 100 µg/m3 über 8 Stunden gemittelt
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Luftverschmutzung nach Regionen
AIRQUALITY NOW: Europäische Website für Luftqualitätsindex
PREVAIR.ORG : Prognosen und Kartographie der Luftqualität für Europa und die ganze Welt
AIR Now : Luftqualitätsindex: Städte in den USA und weltweit
Für weitere Informationen
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO): "Air quality and health"
Recreational diving combines experiencing nature with athletic performance, but it also requires personal responsibility and teamwork. Experience and physical fitness are essential factors for a successful, low-risk dive. The vast majority of diving accidents are caused by diver error. However, following safety instructions and making a sensible assessment of your own abilities and limitations significantly reduce the risks associated with this sport and make it a leisure activity that can be enjoyed by a wide audience.
Before travelling
Fitness is a prerequisite
Illnesses or limitations in physical performance that may not cause any problems on land can have fatal consequences underwater. Have your health checked by your doctor and clarify any health issues before your diving holiday. Also discuss with your doctor whether any long-term medication or occasional medication is compatible with diving.
Contraindications for diving
- Pregnancy
- Physical limitations: severe obesity, heart disease or other illnesses
- Children under the age of 14
- Lung diseases (such as exercise-induced asthma, emphysema, fibrosis, history of spontaneous pneumothorax, etc.)
- Unstable conditions (e.g. asthma, diabetes, etc.)
- Ear, nose or throat problems: such as a perforated eardrum, middle ear infection, severe cold, sinusitis
- Dizziness and illnesses that can lead to disturbances of consciousness (such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, inner ear damage, etc.)
- Psychiatric disorders (depression, behavioral disorders)
Medication and diving
Regular use of malaria prophylaxis is compatible with diving, provided that the medication in question does not cause any problematic side effects. However, sedatives, sleeping pills, strong painkillers and medications that can slow down your reaction time are not compatible with diving.
Diving fitness certificate
Virtually every reputable diving centre requires a diving fitness certificate. This can usually be issued by your family doctor. A thorough medical examination is mandatory for every prospective diver before their first dive (especially lung function, circulation, eyes, ears, nose and throat).
Find out about:
Evacuation options, centres with hyperbaric chambers and oxygen therapy (100%) options at the dive site. Always have emergency numbers and oxygen sources to hand during every dive.
Diving training
Training dives are essential for beginners. Even those returning to diving must familiarise themselves with local conditions such as tidal changes, currents, and special fauna and flora with a locally experienced diving instructor. Thanks to such accompanied dives, you can get used to the special conditions underwater in a calm and stress-free manner. Contact a good diving school with high-quality equipment in good condition. Make sure that your diving instructors have an internationally recognised certificate.
During the dive
Avoid hypothermia
Water is a very good heat conductor. Even in warm waters, severe hypothermia can occur. A diving suit helps to insulate heat and offers some protection from poisonous plants, animals or sharp objects (coral reefs, etc.).
Pressure equalisation
Even at a diving depth of ten metres, the ambient pressure is around twice as high as at the surface. This pressure increases continuously with increasing diving depth (1 bar per 10 metres). Although divers do not directly perceive the pressure exerted on them by the weight of the water, the pressure differences have a particular effect on the air-filled cavities in the body. Constant pressure equalisation is therefore essential during descent and ascent (increase and decrease in pressure).
Inadequate pressure equalisation can lead to barotrauma (damage caused by negative pressure). When descending, pressure equalisation is particularly important for the ears. Otherwise, negative pressure can build up in the middle ear, pulling the eardrum inwards and possibly causing it to rupture. When ascending, it is important not to hold your breath, as the air in the airways and lungs expands during ascent, which can lead to tears in the tissue.
Ascent to the water surface in particular must not be uncontrolled. Depending on the duration and depth of the
dive, so-called decompression stops must be strictly observed. Failure to do so puts your life at risk. You can find the values for the decompression stops in dive tables or on your dive computer. This allows the gas dissolved in the tissue to be eliminated. Ascending too quickly can damage the tissue due to the formation of nitrogen bubbles and cause what is known as decompression sickness. This mainly affects the skin, joints, spinal cord and inner ear.
In case of problems underwater
Remain as calm as possible and try not to panic so that you do not ascend to the surface too quickly. Ask your diving companion for help and follow the advice of the diving instructors, who are most familiar with the local conditions.
Beware of risks associated with diving depth
Nitrogen has a narcotic effect when inhaled at high gas pressure, as is the case at great depths (raptures of the deep). This can lead to irrational and even dangerous behaviour. The risk of this complication increases significantly at diving depths of more than 30 metres.
Safety rules
- Never dive alone
- If you do not feel well, do not dive
- Do not dive after consuming alcohol or after taking sedatives, drugs and other mind-altering substances and medications.
- Only dive to a maximum depth of 30 metres (beginners only to 20 m)
- Do not dive more than twice in 24 hours
- After diving, wait at least 12 hours before ascending to > 200 m (e.g. mountain hiking)
- Fly no earlier than 24 hours after your last dive
In case of illness or accident
If you are unsure about your state of health, consult a doctor immediately, especially if the symptoms occurred as a result of diving. Earache can be a sign of barotrauma or middle ear infection. Both require medical treatment and a break from diving.
Ear infection (swimmer's ear; otitis externa)
Especially in tropical climates, with heavy sweating and prolonged exposure to water, the surface of the skin in the ear canal can become porous, allowing bacteria to penetrate deeper layers of skin and cause inflammation in the ear area.
Anti-inflammatory or antibiotic ear drops may be indicated for treatment. To prevent such infections, avoid cleaning your ears with cotton buds, which can cause minor injuries. Rinse your ear canals with clean water in the shower after each dive.
Prophylaxis is also recommended for divers who are particularly prone to such inflammation. Treatment with water and vinegar drops should be started one week before departure. You can make this solution yourself. A pipette bottle is available from the chemist. Fill it halfway with tap water and halfway with fruit vinegar (not wine or herb vinegar!). In the evening, three drops of this liquid are instilled into each ear canal. This prophylaxis is continued during the diving holiday.
When to assume a diving accident
The symptoms of a diving accident can occur during the dive or afterwards. Any change in health or behaviour within 24 hours of a dive must be considered a diving accident until proven otherwise. The main symptoms are:
- Joint or muscle pain, itchy skin, urticarial changes (usually reddened, itchy skin swellings)
- Neurological abnormalities: sensory disturbances or tingling, paralysis or weakness, difficulty walking and balance disorders, difficulty urinating or defecating, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, speech or vision disorders, confusion, convulsions, fainting or coma.
- Breathing difficulties: shortness of breath, coughing, bloody sputum, chest pain or a feeling of suffocation.
- Abdominal pain
First aid: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary. If possible, 100% oxygen to breathe. Referral to a hyperbaric chamber centre
Before the return journey: Negative pressure in the aircraft
The cabin pressure set in passenger aeroplanes at cruising altitude corresponds to an altitude of approximately 2000 to 2500 metres above sea level and thus to a relative negative pressure in relation to the pressure at sea level. If the body's tissues are still saturated with gas after previous dives, this renewed decompression in the aeroplane can lead to a decompression accident. Therefore, the following must be strictly observed:
36 hours before the flight: no repetitive dives, no dives to great depths
24 hours before the flight: no more diving!
Further information
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI): http://www.padi.com
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subquatiques (CMAS) ): http://www.cmas.ch
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAWI): http://www.naui.com
DAN (DIVERS ALERT NETWORK): http://www.daneurope.org
Telephone information for diving emergencies
International DAN ALARM centres (for emergencies ONLY)
Region (DAN) Institution Telephone
DAN America Duke University Medical Centre, NC, USA +1 919 684 4326 +1 919 684 8111
DAN Latin America DAN Latin America Hotline (Spanish and Portuguese) +1-919-684-9111
DAN South-East Asia-Pacific DES Australia, Royal Adelaide Hospital +61 (8) 8212 9242
DAN South-East Asia-Pacific DES New Zealand +64 (9) 445 8454
DAN South-East Asia-Pacific Singapore Naval Medicine & Hyperbaric Centre +65 750 55 46
DAN South-East Asia-Pacific DAN SEAP Philippines +02 815 99 11
DAN Europe DAN Europe 24-hour hotline +39 039 605 7858
DAN Japan Tokyo University Medical Centre +81 3 381 249 99
DAN Southern Africa Southern Africa 24-hour hotline +27 11 254 1112
Badespass und Wassersport sind besonders beliebte Ferienaktivitäten, die allerdings gewisse Risiken bergen können. Die Hauptgefahr sind Unfälle (Zusammenstösse zwischen Booten etc.), Unterkühlung und Ertrinken. Erkundigen Sie sich nach den lokalen Gegebenheiten (Wassertemperatur, Meeresströmungen, Gifttiere, Wettervorhersage). Der Wärmeverlust im Wasser ist wesentlich schneller, als in der Luft, und selbst gute Schwimmer können sich in kaltem Wasser schnell in Schwierigkeiten befinden. Seien Sie mit Kindern am Ufer wachsam, insbesondere, wenn sie jünger, als 5 Jahre sind, denn dann ist die Gefahr von Ertrinkungs- Unfällen besonders hoch. Nehmen Sie auf Bootsfahrten immer einen Rettungsring und Schwimmwesten mit.
- Vermeiden Sie, alleine zu Baden, oder Bootsfahrten zu unternehmen
- Nehmen Sie sich vor Unterkühlung in Acht. Wagen Sie sich nur für kurze Zeit ins kalte Wasser. Man kühlt im kalten Wasser ausgesprochen schnell aus, das kann Krämpfe und einen Orientierungsverlust zur Folge haben. Ein solcher Zustand der Unterkühlung kann auch bis zum Bewusstseinsverlust oder einem Herzstillstand führen. In sehr kaltem Wasser können auch gute Schwimmer in kurzer Zeit ertrinken. Tauchen Sie immer langsam und schrittweise in das Wasser ein, um eine gewisse Anpassung an die Temperatur zu erlauben.
- Strömungen und Gezeiten:
Informieren Sie sich über die Gegebenheiten vor Ort und baden Sie nur in überwachten Uferabschnitten. Wenn Sie in eine Strömung geraten, versuchen Sie nicht, dagegen anzuschwimmen: Sie riskieren sich zu erschöpfen. Beim Schwimmen in Flüssen, schwimmen Sie diagonal, um weiter flussabwärts ans Ufer zu gelangen. Im Meer sollten Sie dagegen eher parallel zum Ufer schwimmen, um möglichst eine Schwimmbahn, ohne Strömung zu finden. Bleiben Sie auf Luftmatratzen und Schlauchbooten wachsam, damit Sie nicht zu weit vom Ufer abgetrieben werden. - Kinder: beaufsichtigen Sie Kinder immer im Wasser und auf Booten. Wenn Ihre Kinder nicht schwimmen können versperren Sie Türen Ihres Hotelzimmers, die einen Zugang zum Strand oder zu einem Swimmingpool erlauben. Aufblasbare Schwimmflügel und Badekleidung mit Styroporschwimmern stellen einen gewissen Schutz dar, ersetzen aber keineswegs eine dauerhafte Aufsicht. Beaufsichtigen Sie auch grössere Kinder, wenn keine Bademeister oder Rettungsschwimmer anwesend sind. Bei Ihnen ist das Risiko für Unfälle durch ausgelassene Spiele (Springen auf andere Kinder, Untertauchen, Wasserbombe etc.) grösser.
- Seien Sie vorsichtig bei Kopfsprüngen, bewegtes Wasser könnte Felsen oder andere Schwimmer verbergen und ist unter Umständen weniger tief, als es erscheint.
- Tragen Sie auf dem Meer eine Schwimmweste, insbesondere auf kleinen Booten und bei Bootsfahrten im kalten Wasser.
- Schützen Sie sich am Meer vor der Sonne (Verstärkung der Strahlung): Nutzen Sie Sonnencréme mit einem hohen Lichtschutzfaktor, die ausserdem wasserfest ist.
- Seien Sie vernünftig nach einem opulenten Mahl oder einem längeren Sonnenbad. Tauchen Sie schrittweise in das Wasser ein, und verlassen Sie es sofort bei Anzeichen von Unwohlsein oder Krämpfen. Vermeiden Sie den Alkoholgenuss vor dem Baden.
- Gefährliche Meerestiere: Informieren Sie sich über das Vorkommen gefährlicher Tiere in der Region und die nötigen Vorsichtsmassnahmen. Plastiksandalen oder Schwimmflossen schützen Ihre Füsse vor Stacheln von Seeigeln, kaputten scharfkantigen Muscheln oder Glasscherben. Schwimm- oder Taucherbrillen erleichtern es, Quallen und anderen giftigen Meerestieren auszuweichen.
Falls Sie im Wasser in Schwierigkeiten kommen
Stürze ins kalte Wasser:
Konzentrieren Sie sich darauf, möglichst schnell zu einem Boot oder ans Ufer zu kommen. Behalten Sie Ihre Kleidung zunächst an, denn sie kann ein bisschen Wärme zurückhalten. Entledigen Sie sich aber unbedingt Ihrer Schuhe und anderer schwerer Dinge wie beispielsweise Taschen. Es ist wichtig, dass Sie ruhig bleiben. Versucht ein anderer Schwimmer, Sie zu retten, krallen Sie sich möglichst nicht an Ihm fest, damit Sie nicht beide ertrinken. Drehen Sie sich auf den Rücken und folgen den Anweisungen Ihres Retters.
Versuchen Sie durch Zeichen, Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zu lenken: Heben Sie einen Arm und machen ausladende Bewegungen von links nach rechts. Ermüden Sie sich nicht durch Schreien und wildes Gestikulieren.
Um jemanden zu retten: Werfen Sie sich nicht heldenhaft ins Wasser, wenn es auch eine andere Alternative gibt. Es ist besser, ein Boot, eine Rettungsstange oder -leine zur Rettung einzusetzen. Wenn Sie schwimmen müssen, nehmen Sie eine Schwimmweste, einen Rettungsring, eine Rettungs- oder Wäscheleineleine, um die gefährdete Person zu sichern.
Krämpfe: Hören Sie auf zu schwimmen, drehen sich auf den Rücken, um sich auf dem Wasser treiben zu lassen, und die betroffene Extremität zu entspannen. Bei Krämpfen in der Wade oder dem Oberschenkel, strecken Sie das Bein, ziehen den Fuss zu sich und massieren den schmerzenden Muskel. Krämpfe treten häufiger im kalten Wasser bei intensiver oder lang dauernder Anstrengung auf. Sie sind ein Alarmsignal, das Sie nicht ignorieren sollten.
Erste Hilfe bei Ertrinkungsunfällen
Versuchen Sie immer, Ertrinkungsopfer wiederzubeleben. Oft ist sehr kaltes Wasser eine Komponente, die bei solchen Unfällen eine Rolle spielt. Es schützt allerdings Herz und Gehirn, so dass das Opfer gute Überlebenschancen hat. Schicken Sie einen der Umherstehenden los, um schnell wie möglich professionelle Hilfe zu holen. Ein Erste Hilfe Kurs bei dem man Techniken zur Wiederbelebung lernt kann sehr hilfreich sein, insbesondere vor einer langen Reise oder einer Schiffsfahrt auf dem Meer.
Sportliche Aktivitäten können zu Stürzen und Verletzungen wie Verstauchungen oder Brüchen etc. führen. Faktoren, die solche Unfälle begünstigen sind Müdigkeit, Trainingsmangel, unzureichende Ausrüstung oder schlechte Umgebungsbedingungen, wie glatte Wege, Eis, Hitze etc. Im Zweifel ist es immer besser wegen eventueller Behandlungen oder weiterführender Abklärungen (beispielsweise Röntgenbilder zum Frakturausschluss o. ä.) einen Arzt zu konsultieren. Es folgen einige generelle Empfehlungen.
Vorbeugung
- Wärmen Sie Ihre Muskulatur vor körperlicher Anstrengung auf und machen unter Umständen Dehnungs-Übungen (je nach geplanter Aktivität).
- Benutzen Sie geeignete Ausrüstung, die Ihrem Körperbau entspricht, insbesondere angepasste, eingelaufene Schuhe sind wichtig.
- Machen Sie bei Zeiten eine Pause, bevor Sie richtig müde werden, und berücksichtigen Sie Ihre körperlichen Grenzen. Die meisten Unfälle geschehen gegen Abend, gegen Ende der Unternehmung (beispielsweise bei der letzten Abfahrt mit den Ski) oder im Rahmen einer sonst ungewohnten sportlichen Aktivität.
- Achten Sie darauf ausreichend zu trinken, insbesondere, wenn es heiss ist oder Sie schweisstreibende Anstrengungen unternehmen. Schützen Sie sich vor der Sonne (mit Sonnencrème, -brille und -hut). Meiden Sie die heissesten Tageszeiten (Vorsicht, es besteht die Gefahr eines Sonnenstichs).
- Seien Sie Vorsichtig mit Medikamenten, die das Reaktionsvermögen beeinträchtigen, zu Schläfrigkeit oder Schwindel führen.
Verstauchungen, Zerrungen von Bändern oder Muskeln: was tun?
- Stellen Sie die betroffene Extremität ruhig: belasten Sie die betroffene Extremität nicht, halten Sie sie ruhig und entspannt, und legen Sie sie leicht hoch
- Kühlen Sie die betroffene Stelle so schnell wie möglich mit Eis, einem Cool Pack (eingewickelt in einem dünnen Tuch oder beispielsweise in einer Socke) oder mit kaltem Wasser
- Komprimieren Sie die betroffene Stelle leicht mit einem Tape Verband oder einer mässig straffen elastischen Binde die weder zu satt noch zu leicht gebunden ist.
- Konsultieren Sie einen Arzt
Zeichen für eine schwerere Verletzung sind: ein Knacken oder ein knirschendes Gefühl, Unwohlsein zum Verletzungszeitpunkt (insbesondere Erbrechen), schnelle Schwellung oder Verfärbung.
Wenn Sie eine bekannte Blutungsneigung haben, oder das Blut verdünnende Medikamente wie beispielsweise Aspirin® oder Marcumar® einnehmen, sollten Sie sofort einen Arzt aufsuchen, um eventuelle Einblutungen auszuschliessen, die nicht immer sofort sichtbar.
Ermüdungsbrüche
Im Rahmen langer Fussmärsche beispielsweise können sogenannte Ermüdungsbrüche auftreten, die auf wiederholte Stosswirkung auf die Ferse oder die Füsse (seltener auf Höhe der Beine) zurückzuführen sind. Sie sollten in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn während oder nach längerem Fussmarsch Schmerzen auftreten. Diese Frakturen werden nicht notwendigerweise mit einem Gips behandelt, aber die Extremität sollte je nach Verlauf 2-6 Wochen entlastet und ruhig gestellt werden. Zur Vermeidung, gewöhnen Sie sich langsam an längere Märsche, tragen Sie Schuhe mit guten Sohlen und vermeiden Sie, einen zu schweren Rucksack zu tragen.
Wunden und Schnitte
- Waschen Sie die Wunde grünlich und desinfizieren Sie
- Konsultieren Sie einen Arzt, falls es sich um eine tiefe Wunde handelt, das Risiko einer Schädigung von Bändern oder Nerven besteht, oder das Gesicht betroffen ist. Unter Umständen muss die Wunde in der Tiefe gereinigt oder genäht werden, bedarf eines abschliessenden Verbandes oder einer Versorgung mit Pflastern, wie beispielsweise Steristrips®
- Stellen Sie sicher, dass Ihre Impfungen gegen Tetanus aktualisiert sind (alle 10 Jahre auffrischen) sogar, falls es sich nur um eine Schürfwunde handelt
- Bei Wunden an den Füssen müssen Fremdkörper ausgeschlossen oder entfernt werden (Glas, kleine Steinchen oder Stacheln)
Blasen
Blasen entstehen durch wiederholte Reibung an der Haut (beispielsweise an den Händen beim Tennis oder and den Füssen beim Laufen) und können in der Regel durch eine geeignete Ausrüstung vermieden werden:
- Schuhe ohne dicke Nähte, kurze Nägel
- Angenehm zu tragende, eingelaufenen Schuhe in der passenden Grösse (eine halbe Nummer grösser, als nötig)
- Pflaster an anfälligen Stellen, um die Haut vor dem Auftreten von Blasen vor Reibung zu schützen
- Der Durchmesser des Griffs von Tennisschlägern angepasst an die Grösse der Hand
- Den Rucksack individuell einstellen
Wenn die Haut intakt ist, reissen Sie die Blase nicht auf! Die Haut ist eine natürliche Barriere gegen Infektionen. Wenn es für Sie angenehmer ist, können Sie mit einer sterilen Nadel in die Blase stechen, um sie zu entleeren, und dann die Haut mit einem sterilen Pflaster abdecken. Wenn die Blase bereits aufgerissen ist, können Sie die Hautfetzen mit einer kleinen Schere entfernen und die Wunde sorgfältig desinfizieren. Ein Blasenpflaster aus Kolloidgel vermittelt eine grössere Erleichterung, als herkömmliche Pflaster.
Auch Vorsicht, Impfungen und Medikamente können manchmal nicht verhindern, dass Sie ein Unfall oder eine Krankheit überraschen. Stecken Sie in so einer Situation, dann suchen Sie Hilfe vor Ort: bei einem Arzt oder im Krankenhaus. Wenn nötig, wird Sie Ihr Arzt zuhause nach Ihrer Rückkehr weiterbehandeln. Kann Ihnen lokal niemand helfen, dann fordern Sie in der Schweiz Hilfe an.
Falls Sie plötzlich krank werden und besonders wenn Sie eine Tropenkrankheit (Durchfall, Malaria, Hautinfektion etc...) vermuten, können Sie sich an eine Reisemedizinklinik wenden. Bei Unfällen, akuten Erkrankungen oder plötzlicher Verschlechterung eines bestehenden Leidens im Ausland, wenn an Ort keine ausreichende Behandlung möglich ist, können Sie aus der Schweiz Hilfe anforden. (z.B. bei der Rettungsflugwacht REGA).
Beratung oder Hilfe erhalten Sie durch die REGA unter folgenden Telefon Nummern:
Inland: 14 14
Ausland: ++ 41 333 333 333
Telefax: 0041 1 654 35 90
Website: http://www.rega.ch
E-mail: ops@rega.ch
Einige Versicherungen werden Ihnen für den Notfall eine andere Alarmnummer angeben, die dann direkt zu wählen wäre. Aufgrund Ihrer Angaben zur Situation entscheiden Einsatzleiter und der Arzt über notwendige Massnahmen, über einen Transport, den optimalen Zeitpunkt dafür und die Art des Transportmittels.
- Organisation von Patienten-Rückführungen in ein Zielspital in der Schweiz
- Transport und Einweisung des Patienten in die nächste Spezialklinik im Ausland
- Hilfe bei Sprachproblemen und Kontaktaufnahme mit dem behandelnden Arzt im Ausland
- Beratung bei Problemen mit Medikamenten und Angabe von Ersatzmedikamenten Wenn nötig stehen
- Ambulanzflugzeuge bereit, die für die Intensivpflege von Patienten ausgerüstet sind.
- Erlaubt es der Zustand des Patienten, reist er an Bord einer Linienmaschine in die Schweiz zurück, selbstverständlich auch dort betreut von einem medizinischen Team.
Not everyone needs a medical check-up after travelling.
See a doctor after travelling if you have the following symptoms:
- Fever >37.5°C after returning from a malaria endemic area (even months after your return!; main danger: malaria)
- have been bitten or scratched by a mammal (main danger: rabies!)
- Severe diarrhea or persistent/chronic gastrointestinal complaints
- chronic non-healing skin ulcer(s)/insect bite wound(s)
- if you have had unprotected sexual intercourse
- any worrying/unusual symptom occurring while travelling or shortly after return
- have had emergency self-treatment (NSB) for malaria or have been treated for malaria while travelling (if no symptoms occur, a check-up is only required within 7 days of treatment).
Make an appointment with a doctor who is experienced in travel and tropical medicine. A list of specialists in tropical and travel medicine (FMH) can be found under "Ask the specialists.
