In the beginning of May 2022, one case of monkeypox was detected in England, which had occurred after travel to Nigeria. In the course of this, 6 further cases of monkeypox were diagnosed in England in people with no previous travel and no contact with known travel-associated cases. These are two cases in one family and four cases in men who have sex with men (MSM). The latter apparently got infected in London. Apart from the family and two of the MSM cases, there are no known links between the cases. Further 2 cases have been reported in the meantime. Investigations into the sources of infection and other suspected cases are in progress.
Additional cases are reported by GeoSentinel and various media reports from the following countries:
Description: Monkeypox is a zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus, a DNA virus genetically related to the variola and vaccinia viruses. Monkeypox is endemic in West and Central Africa. Increased cases have been recorded in Nigeria since September 2017, and imports by returning travellers to England and the USA have also been recorded more frequently in recent years. There are two types of monkeypox virus: the West African type and the Central African type (Congo Basin).
Transmission: Monkeypox is transmitted from infected animals by a bite or by direct contact with blood, body fluids or lesions of the infected animal. It can be transmitted via abrasions in the mouth to people who eat infected animals. It can also be transmitted from person to person via the respiratory tract, through direct contact with body fluids of an infected person or with virus-contaminated objects. The incubation period is 5-21 days, usually about 7 to 17 days.
Symptoms: Symptoms of monkeypox include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes and chills. 1- 3 days after the onset of symptoms, a rash develops that may look like chickenpox or syphilis and spreads from the face to other parts of the body, including the genitals. The disease is usually mild. In immunocompromised individuals, the disease can be severe. The mortality rate is about 1% for the West African type and up to 10% for the Central African type.
For further details, see WHO factsheet, ECDC and CDC.
Further cases must be expected. Persons showing symptoms as described above should contact a doctor, ideally in advance by telephone. Persons who have several sexual partners or practice casual sex should be particularly vigilant!
Prevention: Good personal hygiene, avoid contact with infected persons and animals at all costs. During stays in West and Central Africa: No consumption of bushmeat. The individual risk of contact with a patient with monkeypox depends on the type and duration of contact. In the case of very close contact with a case (e.g. family members, aeroplane neighbours, medical personnel), the risk of infection has so far been classified as moderate; in the case of sexual / intimate contact, it is probably high.
Source image: NCDC
WHO 18.5.2022, RKI 19.5.2022, UK GOV, 16.5.2022, Outbreak News Today, 18.5.2022, CDC, Labor Spiez
In 2021, a total of 1,567 cases with West Nile virus (WNV) infection were recorded in the state of Arizona, with 110 cases being fatal. This is by far the highest number of reported cases in recent decades. As a possible cause for the huge increase in 2021, it could have been the extremely wet summer, which led to an increased mosquito population, as well as very warm temperatures still in November to early December, which could have extended the transmission season.
West Nile viruses belong to the flavivirus family and are transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. The main hosts are birds. Most cases are asymptomatic; clinically symptomatic cases present fever and flu-like symptoms. In severe cases, the disease can cause meningitis or encephalitis. Recovery from severe disease may take several weeks or months, and some of the neurological problems may be permanent. In rare cases, death may occur. Elderly people, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed individuals are at higher risk for severe disease progression.
Consequences for travelers
Optimal mosquito bite protection especially at dusk and dawn. Sick and dead birds should not be touched.
References
Five Americans died from rabies in 2021, the highest number in a decade. According to health officials, some of these people did not know they were at risk of infection or refused life-saving vaccinations.
Consequences for travelers
Avoid contact with animals! Do not feed animals either! For long-term travelers and travelers with increased individual risk (travel with two-wheelers, to remote areas, small children, work with animals, cave explorers, etc.) a pre-exposure vaccination before the stay (2 injections and a booster after 1 year) is recommended.
Behavior after exposure:
After an animal bite/scratch: immediately wash the wound with running water and soap for 15 minutes, then disinfect and in any case visit a high-quality medical center for post-exposure vaccination as soon as possible!
For more information: see factsheet rabies
References
A person in Maryland, USA, has contracted monkeypox after a stay in Nigeria. Laboratory tests revealed that it is the same strain that has been circulating in Nigeria since 2017. The person is currently in isolation. Investigations regarding possible contacts have been initiated.
Monkeypox is endemic in Nigeria and other countries in West and Central Africa. An increase in cases in Nigeria has been recorded since September 2017. 88 cases have been reported in 2021 (through the end of October 2021).
Consequences for travelers
Prevention: Follow good personal hygiene, avoid contact with infected people and animals, do not consume bushmeat. The individual risk of contracting monkeypox from an infected patient depends on the type and duration of contact. If there is very close contact with a case (e.g., family members, airplane neighbors, medical personnel), the risk of infection is considered to be moderate, otherwise low.
References
Regular hand washing after using the bathroom and before eating or preparing food. Avoidance of undercooked or raw food that is potentially contaminated with fecal material.
The most important prevention is vaccination. A very effective and well-tolerated vaccine against polio is available (inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)), which is part of the basic vaccination schedule during childhood. Combination vaccines (e.g. with diphtheria and tetanus) are also available. After basic vaccination, a booster dose is recommended every 10 years for travel to certain countries (see country page recommendations). WHO recommends a yearly vaccination for residents or long-stay visitors (minimum 4 weeks) in a country with ongoing polio infections or circulating vaccine-derived polio viruses. This recommendation not only targets individual protection, but aims to prevent the international spread of the virus.
Non esiste un trattamento specifico contro la malattia causata dal virus della rabbia.
Misure post-esposizione: Pulizia immediata della ferita con abbondante acqua e sapone per 10-15 minuti, seguita da disinfezione (ad es. Betadine, Merfen) e vaccinazione post-esposizione d'emergenza nell’ospedale più vicino entro 24 ore. È inoltre raccomandata la vaccinazione di richiamo contro il tetano se non è aggiornata. Per coloro che hanno ricevuto la vaccinazione antirabbica completa pre-esposizione prima del viaggio, sono sufficienti due dosi aggiuntive di un vaccino contro la rabbia (di qualsiasi marca) a un intervallo di 3 giorni. Se non è stata effettuata la vaccinazione completa pre-esposizione, oltre alla vaccinazione è necessaria l'immunizzazione passiva con immunoglobuline. Va notato che le immunoglobuline (e a volte i vaccini) spesso non sono disponibili in ambienti con scarse risorse, causando stress e incertezza.
È consigliato evitare di accarezzare animali domestici e di astenersi dal toccare animali selvatici, non familiari o morti.
Tutti i viaggiatori che si recano verso luoghi in cui la rabbia terrestre può manifestarsi e/o che probabilmente faranno viaggi ripetuti in zone in cui la rabbia è presente dovrebbero sottoporsi alla vaccinazione pre-esposizione. Inoltre, la vaccinazione pre-esposizione è altamente raccomandata per i viaggiatori particolarmente a rischio:
Lo schema di vaccinazione abbreviato può essere proposto alla maggior parte dei viaggiatori: 2 vaccinazioni, la prima possibilmente un mese prima della partenza (minimo 8 giorni prima della partenza). Una terza vaccinazione di richiamo per la rabbia è raccomandata prima del viaggio successivo, con un intervallo almeno di un anno.
20231031_Factsheet_Layperson_IT_Dengue.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
CDC Map: Distribution of dengue
In 3 casi su 4, l'infezione con il virus rimane asintomatica. Dopo un breve periodo di incubazione (5-8 giorni), 1 persona infetta su 4 presenta una brusca insorgenza di febbre, mal di testa, dolori articolari, agli arti e ai muscoli, oltre a nausea e vomito. Tipico è anche il dolore al movimento degli occhi. L'eruzione cutanea si manifesta di solito il 3° o il 4° giorno di malattia. Dopo 4-7 giorni, la febbre si riduce definitivamente, ma la stanchezza può persistere per diversi giorni o settimane.
In rari casi, la dengue può essere grave. Particolarmente sensibili sono i bambini e gli anziani locali, come anche le persone che hanno avuto una precedente infezione da dengue. I turisti presentano molto raramente una dengue grave. Nei primi giorni, la malattia assomiglia al decorso della classica febbre dengue, ma al 4°/5° giorno, di solito dopo che la febbre si è abbassata, le condizioni peggiorano. La pressione arteriosa si abbassa e i pazienti lamentano mancanza di respiro, disturbi addominali, epistassi e lievi emorragie cutanee o mucose. Nei casi più gravi, può presentarsi uno shock potenzialmente letale.
Non esiste un trattamento specifico per l'infezione da virus dengue. Il trattamento si limita alla mitigazione e al monitoraggio dei sintomi: riduzione della febbre, sollievo dal dolore agli occhi, alla schiena, ai muscoli e alle articolazioni e monitoraggio della coagulazione e del volume del sangue. I pazienti con sintomi gravi devono essere ricoverati in ospedale.
Per la riduzione della febbre o del dolore, si consigliano rimedi con il principio attivo paracetamolo o acetaminofene (ad esempio Acetalgin® Dafalgan®). I farmaci contenenti il principio attivo acido acetilsalicilico (ad esempio Aspirina®, Alcacyl®, Aspégic®) devono essere evitati.
Una protezione efficace contro le zanzare durante il giorno e soprattutto nelle ore del crepuscolo (cioè al tramonto) è la migliore misura preventiva:
Per ulteriori informazioni, consultare il foglio informativo "Protezione dalle punture di zanzare e zecche".
Nota sui vaccini contro la dengue:
Sono in commercio due vaccini contro la dengue: Qdenga® e Dengvaxia®. Il vaccino Qdenga® è stato approvato dall'Unione Europea nel dicembre 2022. Tuttavia, a causa della situazione dei dati, molti Paesi europei e il Comitato svizzero di esperti in medicina dei viaggi (CEMV) raccomandano attualmente la vaccinazione con Qdenga® solo per alcuni viaggiatori e in situazioni particolari. Si raccomanda pertanto di consultare uno specialista in medicina tropicale e dei viaggi.
A nota:
La protezione costante dalle zanzare durante il giorno (vedi sopra) è ancora considerata la misura preventiva più importante contro la febbre dengue!
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_IT_Chikungunya.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
CDC Map: Distribution of Chikungunya
L'infezione può presentarsi con alcuni o tutti i seguenti sintomi: improvvisa manifestazione di febbre di grado elevato, brividi, mal di testa, arrossamento degli occhi, dolori muscolari e articolari ed eruzione cutanea. L'eruzione cutanea si manifesta di solito dopo la comparsa della febbre e coinvolge tipicamente il tronco e le estremità, ma può includere anche i palmi delle mani, le piante dei piedi e il viso.
Spesso la febbre si presenta in due fasi della durata massima di una settimana, con un intervallo di uno o due giorni senza febbre. La seconda fase può presentarsi con dolori muscolari e articolari molto più intensi, che possono essere gravi e debilitanti. Questi sintomi sono tipicamente bilaterali e simmetrici e coinvolgono principalmente mani e piedi, ma possono anche coinvolgere le articolazioni più grandi, come le ginocchia o le spalle.
Circa il 5-10% delle persone infette continuano ad avere forti dolori articolari anche dopo che la febbre si è abbassata, in alcuni casi durando fino a diversi mesi o, anche se raramente, addirittura anni.
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Zika.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
The Zika virus was identified in 1947 in monkeys from the Zika forest in Uganda. Virus circulation has long been limited (a few cases each year) in Africa and South-East Asia. In May 2015, the American continent was affected for the first time, with an epidemic in Brazil that rapidly spread to South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Since then, the disease has been reported in most tropical and subtropical regions.
The risk of infection is currently low in most regions and does not require specific measures. However, epidemics may occasionally reappear. During epidemics, the risk of transmission is high, and specific recommendations for the traveller are necessary.
In case of fever, it is recommended to consult a doctor. The symptoms of a Zika virus infection may seem similar to those of malaria, for which urgent treatment is necessary, or dengue fever. Treatment for Zika aims for reduction of fever and joint pain (paracetamol). Avoid aspirin and anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen) as long as dengue fever is not excluded. There is no vaccine available.
In case of pregnancy and fever during or upon return from a Zika virus transmission area, blood and/or urine tests are indicated. In case of confirmed infection, the medical management should be discussed with the gynecologist and infectious/travel medicine specialists.
The risk of infection can be reduced by effective protection from mosquito bites during the day and in the early evening (long clothing, mosquito repellents, mosquito net).
When travelling in an area of increased risk (= declared epidemic) and in order to prevent possible sexual transmission of the virus, it is recommended to use a condom / Femidom during the trip and at least 2 months after return.
Due to the risk of fetal malformation, pregnant women are advised against travelling to areas at increased risk (= declared as epidemic) of Zika transmission at any time during pregnancy (in case of essential travel, a consultation with a travel medicine specialist is advised before departure). Women who wish to become pregnant should wait at least 2 months after their return (or that of their partner) from an area at increased risk of Zika transmission.
There is a risk of arthropod-borne diseases other than malaria, dengue, chikungunya or zika in sub-/tropical regions, and some areas of Southern Europe. These include the following diseases [and their vectors]:
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
Wichtig: Eine STI kann auch ohne oder mit nur leichten Symptomen auftreten. Auch wenn Sie sich dessen nicht bewusst sind, können Sie andere anstecken. Deshalb ist es wichtig sich testen zu lassen.
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